Transmission of power and data with frequency modulation

ABSTRACT

In one embodiment, an apparatus includes a circuit coupled to a line, where the circuit may power a device, and where the power is transmitted to the device over the line as a pulse-width modulated signal. The circuit may set a duty cycle of the pulse-width modulated signal in order to transmit a determined power level to the device. The apparatus may vary a frequency of the pulse-width modulated signal to transmit data to the device while the duty cycle of the pulse-width modulated signal is fixed in order to continue to transmit the determined power level to the device. A variation in the frequency of the pulse-width modulated signal may be detectable by the device and represents at least a portion of the data.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to transmission of power and,in particular, to transmission of power and data together.

BACKGROUND

Twisted pair wiring is a form of wiring in which two conductors arewound together for the purposes of canceling out electromagneticinterference (EMI) from external sources and crosstalk betweenneighboring pairs. The two conductors may represent a line. Twisted pairwiring is the primary wire type for telephone usage.

Ethernet over twisted pair typically includes four or more lines oftwisted pair wiring. In some examples, networked devices connected toEthernet over twisted pair have been configured to receive data over afirst one of the lines of twisted pair wiring and to receive power overa second one of the lines of twisted pair wiring.

SUMMARY

Power and data are provided over a same line. The power may be regulatedby pulse width modulation. The data may be provided by frequencyvariation while keeping the average power provided the same.Alternatively or in addition, the data may be provided throughalteration of impedance on the line and detection of the alteration ofthe impedance through variations in an operating frequency of a powerconverter.

A first apparatus may be provided that includes a circuit coupled to aline, where the circuit is configured to power a device, the power istransmitted over the line as a pulse-width modulated signal. The circuitmay also be configured to set a duty cycle of the pulse-width modulatedsignal in order to transmit a determined power level to the device. Thecircuit may be further configured to vary a frequency of the pulse-widthmodulated signal to transmit data to the device while the duty cycle ofthe pulse-width modulated signal is fixed to continue to transmit thedetermined power level to the device. A variation in the frequency ofthe pulse-width modulated signal is detectable by the device andrepresents at least a portion of the data.

A second apparatus may be provided that includes a circuit coupled to aline, where the circuit is configured to receive power over the line asa pulse-width modulated signal having a determined duty cycle, and thepulse-width modulated signal powers the second apparatus. The circuitmay be further configured to detect data in the pulse-width modulatedsignal, where the pulse-width modulated signal has the determined dutycycle but has a different one of multiple frequencies over time. Eachone of the frequencies corresponds to a portion of the data.

A method may be provided to power a device and transmit data to thedevice in one signal. The device may be powered by transmitting power tothe device in a form of a pulse-width modulated signal. A duty cycle ofthe pulse-width modulated signal may be maintained in order to transmita determined power level to the device. Data may be transmitted to thedevice by frequency-shift keying the pulse-width modulated signal whilemaintaining the duty cycle of the pulse-width modulated signal. Thevariation in the frequency of the pulse-width modulated signal may bedetectable by the device and represents at least a portion of the data.

A system may be provided that includes a load device and a controldevice, where the control device is electrically coupled to the loaddevice over a line and the control device powers the load device. Theload device may be configured to receive power over the line from thecontrol device. The load device may also be configured to add impedanceto the line in order to transmit information to the control device. Thecontrol device may include a power converter. The control device may, inorder to receive the information, detect a change in an operatingfrequency of the power converter created in response to the impedanceadded to the line.

Other systems, methods, features, and advantages will be, or willbecome, apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of thefollowing figures and detailed description. It is intended that all suchadditional systems, methods, features, and advantages be included withinthis description, be within the scope of the invention, and be protectedby the following claims. Nothing in this section should be taken as alimitation on those claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The components and the figures are not necessarily to scale, emphasisinstead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.Moreover, in the figures, like-referenced numerals designatecorresponding parts throughout the different views.

FIG. 1 illustrates one example of two different wave forms that may begenerated by the control device;

FIG. 2 illustrates one example of a system to transmit power and datafrom the control device to the load device over a transmission medium;

FIG. 3 illustrates example signals at multiple nodes in the controldevice;

FIG. 4 illustrates example signals at multiple nodes in the controldevice before and after impedance on the line changes;

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a frequency detection circuit in thecontrol device to detect changes in the operating frequency;

FIG. 6 illustrates one embodiment of a method to transmit power and datato the load device;

FIG. 7 illustrates one embodiment of a method to receive power from thecontrol device over a line and to transmit information to the controldevice; and

FIG. 8 illustrates one example of a system to receive power from acontrol device and to transmit data to the control device.

WRITTEN DESCRIPTION

Twisted pair wiring may be less expensive than many other types ofcabling such as Ethernet cabling and 10 AWG (American wire gauge)building wiring. In one example embodiment, a control device may beelectrically coupled to a load device over a single line. The singleline may be twisted pair wiring or any other wiring comprising twoconductors or a loop. The control device may transmit both power anddata to the load device over the single line. Alternatively oradditionally, the load device may transmit data to the control device.Thus, communication between the control device and the load device maybe half-duplex or full-duplex. More than one line may connect thecontrol and load devices.

For example, the load device may be a light-emitting diode (LED) fixtureto provide lighting in a building. The control device may include apanel that controls lighting in the building. The LED fixture may beconnected to the panel with twisted-pair wiring. The panel may transmita request to the LED fixture for an identification of the type of loaddevice while providing a low power signal to power at least acommunication circuit in the LED fixture. In response, the communicationcircuit in the LED fixture may transmit a response indicating that theload device is the LED fixture. Thereafter, the panel may selectivelytransmit a higher power signal to the LED fixture in order to providepower for operation of the LED fixture. The higher power signal and orcontrol data sent to the LED fixture may switch the LED fixture on.Additionally or alternatively, the panel may vary the power signal orprovide control data to the LED fixture to control the brightness of theLED fixture.

The control device may include a circuit that generates a signal todeliver power to the load device and controls the amount of powerdelivered through pulse-width modulation (PWM) of the signal and/orthrough amplitude modulation of the signal. PWM of the signal mayinclude the modulation of the duty cycle of the signal in order to varythe amount of power delivered. The duty cycle is the fraction of timethat the signal is in an “active” state, which, for a periodic function,may be represented as:

duty cycle D=τ/T

where τ is the duration that the function is non-zero and T is theperiod of the function. Examples of the control device include aswitched-mode power supply, an AC to DC (Alternating Current to DirectCurrent) converter, a DC to DC (Direct Current to Direct Current)converter, a fixed-frequency PWM converter, a variable-frequencyquasi-resonant ZCS/ZVS (Zero-Current Switching/Zero-Voltage Switching)converter, a voltage converter, a current converter, a hystereticcontroller, and a PWM buck converter. Other power sources may be used.Alternatively or additionally, the amplitude of the pulse-widthmodulated signal may be varied to change the average amount of powerdelivered to the load device while the duty cycle remains fixed.

The circuit may generate any type of pulse-width modulated signal, suchas a pulse wave, a square wave, a rectangular wave, or a sinusoidalwave. The signal may be considered in an “active” state when the voltageor the current of the signal exceeds a determined threshold. Pulse widthmodulation may be provided where the duty cycle is different than 1/2 or0.5.

The control device may transmit data to the load device using frequencymodulation of the pulse-width modulated signal while maintaining aconstant duty cycle. For example, the control device may generatealternate wave forms, where each one of the wave forms has the same dutycycle, but each one of the wave forms has different frequencies.

The load device may be one or more devices suitable to receive powertransmitted by the control device. Examples of the load device include aLED, a switch, a network device, a LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) touchscreen, a dimmer control, a motion detector, a photosensor, a brightnesssensor, and any other device or combination of devices suitable toreceive power from the control device.

FIG. 1 illustrates one example of two different wave forms 102 and 104that may be generated by the control device. The two wave forms 102 and104 both have the same duty cycle. Therefore, the control device maytransmit either one of the two different wave forms 102 and 104 andstill deliver the same amount of power to the load device. Although bothwave forms 102 and 104 have the same duty cycle, the frequencies of thetwo wave forms 102 and 104 are different from each other.

Consequently, the control device may vary the frequency of thepulse-width modulated signal in order to transmit data to the loaddevice while keeping the duty cycle of the pulse-width modulated signalfixed. The variation in the frequency of the pulse-width modulatedsignal may be detected by the load device while the load devicecontinues to receive a constant average amount of power from the controldevice. Each one of the two different wave forms 102 and 104 mayrepresent one of two different states. For example, the first one of thewave forms 102 and 104 may represent a binary “0” and the second one ofthe wave forms 102 and 104 may represent a binary “1.”

In a second example, the control device may generate n number ofdistinct wave forms, where each one of the wave forms has the same dutycycle but a different frequency than the others. Each one of thedistinct wave forms may correspond to a corresponding one of n possiblestates. Thus, for example, each one of the distinct wave forms mayrepresent a binary encoded value. In such an example, the control deviceis frequency-shift keying the pulse-width modulated signal.Frequency-shift keying is a frequency modulation scheme in which digitalinformation is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a waveform. In one example, if the control device generates four distinct waveforms, each one of the wave forms may correspond to a two-digit binaryvalue. For example, the distinct wave forms may have frequencies of 1000Hz, 1100 Hz, 1200 Hz, and 1300 Hz respectively. Table 1 belowillustrates an example of an encoding scheme.

TABLE 1 Frequency of Output Wave Form Binary Encoded Value 1000 Hz 001100 Hz 01 1200 Hz 10 1300 Hz 11

FIG. 2 illustrates one example of a system 200 to transmit power anddata from the control device 202 to the load device 204 over atransmission medium 206. The system 200 may include the control device202, the load device 204, the transmission medium 206, and a controlunit 207. The system 200 may include more, fewer, or differentcomponents. For example, the system 200 may include additional loaddevices 204. In another example, the system 200 may include the controldevice 202 without the control unit 207, the transmission medium 206,and the load device 204.

The control device 202 may include a conversion controller 208, a firsttransistor element 218, a second transistor element 224, an inductiveelement 222, and a capacitive element 226. The control device 202 mayinclude fewer, additional, or different components.

The conversion controller 208, or power converter, may include an inputnode 210, a feedback node 212, and two output nodes, including apositive output node 214 and a negative output node 216, respectively.The conversion controller 208 may include additional, different, orfewer nodes. For example, the conversion controller 208 may include anamplitude control node (not shown) that controls the amplitude of thesignal generated at the two output nodes. In another example, theconversion controller 208 may include a node that controls the operatingfrequency of the conversion controller 208.

The positive output node 214 and the negative input node 216 may beinverted outputs. When the voltage at the input node 210 is high, thenthe voltage at the positive output node 214 may alternate between apositive value and zero at an operating frequency. Like the positiveoutput node 214, when the voltage at the input node 210 is high, thenthe voltage at the negative output node 216 may alternate between thepositive value and zero at the operating frequency. However, wheneverthe positive output node 214 is at the positive value, the negativeoutput node 216 is at zero, and whenever the positive output node 214 isat zero, the negative output node 216 is at the positive value. When thevoltage at the input node 210 is zero, then the voltage at the positiveoutput node 214 and at the negative output node 216 may be zero. Thepositive output node 214 may be coupled to a gate or base of a firsttransistor element 218 to control the flow of current from a voltagesource 220 to a first end of an inductive element 222. In one example,the negative output node 216 may be coupled to a gate or base of asecond transistor element 224 to control the follow of current from thefirst end of the inductive element 222 to ground. The first transistorelement 218 and the second transistor element 224 may be any componenthaving the switching properties of a transistor, such as ametal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) or aninsulated gate field effect transistor (IGFET). Alternatively, thesecond transistor element 224 may be a freewheeling diode and thenegative output node 216 may be disconnected. The inductive element 222may be any component having an inductance, such as an inductor. Thecapacitive element 226 may be any component having a capacitance, suchas a capacitor.

A second end of the inductive element 222 may be coupled to a first endof a capacitive element 226. The second end of the capacitive element226 may be grounded. The second end of the inductive element 222 mayalso be coupled to an output node 228 of the control device 202. Theoutput node 228 of the control device 202 may be coupled through a gainelement 230 to the feedback node 212. The feedback node 212 may be usedto alter the waveforms at the positive output node 214 and the negativeoutput node 216 to maintain a constant output voltage or a constantoutput current at the output node 228 of the control device 202. Thegain element 230 may sense current and/or voltage at the output node 228of the control device 202.

Alternatively, any other circuit configuration may be included in thecontrol device 202 such that the control device 202 generates a DC powersignal at the output node 228 based on the input node 210.

FIG. 3 illustrates example signals at multiple nodes in the controldevice 202. The signal at the input node 210 of the conversioncontroller 208 drives the output node 228, because the signal at theoutput node 228 is to match the signal at the input node 210. When theinput node 210 is active, then both the positive output node 214 and thenegative output node 216 fluctuate between a predetermined positivevoltage or current and zero voltage or current. In other examples, thecharacteristics of the signals, such as the frequencies, duty cycles,and amplitudes, may be different than illustrated.

Referring back to FIG. 2, the control unit 207 may be in communicationwith the control device 202 over at least the input node 210 of thecontrol device 202. For example, the control unit 207 may additionallybe in communication with the control device 202 over an output amplitudecontrol node (not shown) of the control device 202 that is coupled tothe amplitude control node (not shown) of the conversion controller 208.The control unit 207 may be any device or combination of devices thatmay cause generation a signal desired at the output node 228 of thecontrol device 202. For example, the control unit 207 may causegeneration of a pulse-width modulated signal having a desired dutycycle. The control unit 207 may also be configured to control theamplitude of the corresponding pulse-width modulated signal at theoutput node 228 of the control device 202. Examples of the control unit207 include a server, a computer, a laptop, and an application specificintegrated circuit (ASIC). In different examples, the control device 202may include the control unit 207 or portions of the control unit 207.

The control unit 207 may include a processor 232 and a memory 234. Theprocessor 232 may be in communication with the memory 234 and with theinput node 210 of the conversion controller 202. The memory 234 may beany now known, or later discovered, data storage device. The memory 234may be a non-volatile and/or volatile memory, such as a random accessmemory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmableread-only memory (EPROM), or flash memory. The memory 234 may include anoptical, magnetic (hard-drive) or any other form of data storage device.The processor 232 may also be in communication with additionalcomponents, such as a display (not shown). The processor 232 may be ageneral processor, central processing unit, server, application specificintegrated circuit (ASIC), digital signal processor, field programmablegate array (FPGA), digital circuit, analog circuit, or combinationsthereof. The processor 232 may be one or more devices operable toexecute computer executable instructions or computer code embodied inthe memory 234 or in other memory to perform the functionality of thecontrol unit 207.

The memory 234 may include computer code. The computer code may includeinstructions executable with the processor 232. The computer code mayinclude embedded logic. The computer code may be written in any computerlanguage now known or later discovered, such as C++, C#, Java, Pascal,Visual Basic, Perl, HyperText Markup Language (HTML), JavaScript,assembly language, and any combination thereof.

During operation, the processor 232 may control the signal generated atthe output node 228 by generating a desired signal at the input node210. For example, the processor 232 may set the duty cycle of thepulse-width modulated signal at the input node 210 such that thepulse-width modulated signal at the output node 228 delivers adetermined power level to the load device 204. The processor 232 may setthe duty cycle to a predetermined value and/or to a value dynamicallydetermined. Additionally or alternatively, the processor 232 maygenerate the signal at the input node 210 such that the signal has adesired frequency. Using any method now known or later discovered tovary a frequency of a wave form, the processor 232 may vary thefrequency of the signal at the input node 210 to transmit data to theload device 204. Additionally or alternatively, the processor may be incommunication with the conversion controller 208 to alter the amplifiergain of the conversion controller 202 in order to control the amplitudeof the signal at the output node 228 in order to deliver the determinedpower level to the load device 204.

The transmission medium 206 may be any suitable material or a vacuumthat can propagate an electromagnetic signal. For example, thetransmission medium 206 may be twisted pair wiring, Ethernet wiring,air, a vacuum, any other suitable material, or any combination thereof.The control device 202 may include a wireless transmitter, wirelessreceiver, and/or a wireless transceiver when the transmission medium 206includes a wireless segment on a path from the controller device to theload device 204.

The load device 204 may include a processor 236 configured to detectchanges in frequency of the signal transmitted over the transmissionmedium 206. The processor 236 may be a general processor, centralprocessing unit, server, application specific integrated circuit (ASIC),digital signal processor, field programmable gate array (FPGA), digitalcircuit, analog circuit, or combinations thereof.

Alternatively or in addition, the load device 204 may include a switch238 and a capacitive element 240. The capacitive element 240 may be anycomponent having a capacitance, such as a capacitor. The switch 238 maybe a transistor or any other component that the processor 236 may switchon and off in order to selectively couple or decouple the capacitiveelement 240 to the load at an input node 242 of the load device 204. Inone example, one end of the capacitive element 240 may be coupled to theinput node 242. The other end of the capacitive element 240 may becoupled to one end of the switch 238. The other end of the switch 238may be grounded. In an alternative example, the capacitive element 240and the switch 238 may be swapped in the circuit. In still anotherexample, the load device 204 may include any other circuit configured toselectively add or remove impedance to the load at the input node 242.

When the transmission medium 206 includes an electrically conductiveline that electrically couples the control device 202 to the load device204, the load device 204 may transmit data to the control device 202 byaltering the impedance on the electrically conductive line. For example,when the capacitive element 240 is coupled to the input node 242 of theload device 204, then the impedance on the line includes the capacitiveelement 240. In contrast, when the capacitive element 240 is decoupledfrom the input node 242 of the load device 204, then impedance on theline does not include the capacitive element 240. Additionally oralternatively, an inductive element (not shown) may be connected betweenthe input node 242 of the load device 204 and other circuitry includedin the load device 204. The inductive element may be any componenthaving inductance, such as an inductor. The inductive element may beswitched in and out to alter the impedance on the line. FIG. 8illustrates an example of the load device 202 including the inductiveelement.

The control device 202 may detect the change in impedance on the line bydetecting a change in the operating frequency. The operating frequencyis the frequency of the waveform at the positive output node 214 and atthe negative output node 216 when the input node 210 is high. Theoperating frequency depends at least in part on the impedance on theline electrically coupled to the output node 228 of the control device202. The impedance on the line may include the impedance of the line.The impedance on the line may additionally include the impedance of anyload coupled to the line. The impedance on the line may additionallyinclude the inductive element 222 and the capacitive element 226 in thecontrol device 202.

The capacitance of the capacitive element 240 of the load device 204 maybe chosen based on other capacitances in the system 200. For example,the capacitance may be an order of magnitude larger than the maximumparasitic capacitance on the line without the capacitive element 226 ofthe control device 202 and without the capacitive element 240 of theload device 204. In one example, the maximum parasitic capacitance mayinclude capacitance of a maximum length of wiring to be used, connectorcapacitance, and any other capacitance that exists on the line otherthan the capacitive element 226 of the control device 202. In otherexamples, a different capacitance may be selected for the capacitiveelement 240. The inductance of the inductive element in the load device204 may be similarly selected by determining a maximum base inductancewithout the inductive element 222 of the control device 202.

FIG. 4 illustrates example signals at multiple nodes in the controldevice 202 before and after the impedance on the line changes. In theexample illustrated in FIG. 4, the waveform at the output node 228continues to track the waveform at the input node 210 of the controldevice 202. Before the impedance on the line changes, the operatingfrequency is a first operating frequency 402. After the impedance on theline changes, then the operating frequency is a second operatingfrequency 404.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a frequency detection circuit 502 inthe control device 202 to detect changes in the operating frequency. Thefrequency detection circuit 502 may be any circuit that may determine afrequency of a signal now known or later discovered. For example, thefrequency detection circuit 502 may include an operational amplifier504, a voltage source 506, a counter/timer 508, and a processor 510. Thefrequency detection circuit 502 may include fewer, additional, ordifferent components. For example, the frequency detection circuit 502may include a field-programmable gate array and/or an ASIC.

The operational amplifier 504 may be any DC-coupled high-gain electronicvoltage amplifier with differential inputs and at least one output.Alternatively, the operational amplifier 504 may be a buffer, alevel-shifter, or a comparator. The counter/timer 508 may be anycomponent that may count the transitions between highs and lows in asignal. The processor 510 may be a general processor, central processingunit, server, application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), digitalsignal processor, field programmable gate array (FPGA), digital circuit,analog circuit, or combinations thereof. In a different example, theprocessor 510 may include the counter/timer 508.

A first input of the operational amplifier 504 may be coupled to thevoltage source 506. A second input of the operational amplifier 504 maybe coupled to any node in the control device 202 at which the currentand/or voltage fluctuates at the operating frequency. For example, thesecond input of the operational amplifier 504 may be coupled to thepositive output node 214 or the negative output node 216. An output nodeof the operational amplifier 504 may be electrically coupled to thecounter/timer 508. The counter/timer 508 may be electrically coupled tothe processor 510.

During operation, the operational amplifier 504 may generate a signal atthe output node of the operational amplifier 504 that corresponds to thesignal at the second input of the operational amplifier 504 withoutdrawing excessive current from the node coupled to the second input. Thecounter/timer 508 may count the transitions between highs and lows inthe signal at the output node of the operational amplifier 504. Bycounting the transitions over a period of time, the counter/timer 408,and/or the counter/timer 408 in conjunction with the processor 510, maydetermine the operating frequency.

Thus, by altering the impedance on the line that is electrically coupledto the output node 228 of the control device 202, the load device 204may modulate the operating frequency in the control device 202. Thefrequency detection circuit 502 may detect each different operatingfrequency. Each detected frequency may correspond to a different state.For example, where the operating frequency is modulated between twodifferent frequencies, the frequencies may represent a binary “1” and“0” respectively.

In one example, the load device 204 may modulate the operating frequencybetween n different frequencies to represented n different states. Forexample, where n is four, then each one of the frequencies maycorrespond to a two-bit binary value, which may indicate any one of fourstates.

In FIG. 5, the load device 204 is configured to modulate the operatingfrequency between four different frequencies. The load device 204 mayinclude the processor 236, a first transistor element 512, a secondtransistor element 514, a first capacitive element 516 and a secondcapacitive element 518. The first transistor element 512 and the firstcapacitive element 516 may be connected in series between the input node242 of the load device 204 and ground, such that the gate or base of thefirst transistor element 512 operates as a switch to add and/or removethe first capacitive element 516 to and from the load capacitance atinput node 242 of the load device 204. Similarly, the second transistorelement 514 and the second capacitive element 518 may be connected inseries between the input node 242 of the load device 204 and ground,such that the gate or base of the second transistor element 514 operatesas a switch to add and/or remove the second capacitive element 518 toand from the load capacitance at the input node 242. The processor 236may be electrically coupled to the gate or base of each respective oneof the transistor elements 512 and 514. With both transistor elements512 and 514 switched off, the impedance at the output node 228 of thecontrol device 202 may be a base impedance, Z. If the first capacitiveelement 516 has a capacitance of C1 and the second capacitive element518 has a capacitance of C2, then the load device 204 may vary theimpedance of the load at the input node 242 of the load device 204 toany one of the following four values: Z, Z+C1, Z+C2, and Z+C1+C2 byselectively adding and/or removing the capacitive elements 516 and 518.The operating frequency may be modulated to four different frequenciescorresponding to the four different impedances. The load device 204 mayinclude any other circuit that is configured to selectively modify theimpedance to send data to the control device 202.

The base impedance at the output node 228 of the control device 202 mayvary based on the transmission medium 206. For example, the transmissionmedium 206 may be standard AC (alternating current) wiring such as 10AWG, 12AWG, 14 AWG, 16AWG, or low voltage cabling such as Category (Cat)3, Cat 5, Cat 5 e, and Cat 6. Because the base impedance may varydepending on the particulars of a configuration such as the wiring andthe type of load device 204, the control device 202 may communicate withthe load device during an initialization phase to determine thepotential operating frequencies. For example, the control device 202 maytransmit a request to the load device 204 asking the load device 204 tocycle through the possible impedance modifications. The control device202 may determine the frequencies of the operating frequency thatcorrespond to the different impedances as the load device 204 cyclesthrough the different impedances.

The operating frequency may depend on input voltage and load voltage. Inthe case of the load voltage, the operating frequency may change withthe temperature. For example, when the load device 204 includes an LED,the load voltage may change with the temperature of the LED. Thetemperature of the LED may be affected by both the ambient environmentand the power that the LED is dissipating. The operating frequencyfluctuations from such temperature changes may occur fairly slowly, suchas on the order of seconds and minutes, due to thermal inertia. Thecontrol device 202 may compensate for such fluctuations by periodicallyrequesting that the load device 204 cycle through the possible impedancemodifications. For example, on request, the load device 204 may open theswitch 238 for the capacitive element 240, and the control device 202may measure the operating frequency. The load device 204 maysubsequently close the switch 238 for the capacitive element 240 and thecontrol device 202 may measure the altered operating frequency. Thus,the system 200 may compensate for external effects and enable use ofdifferent input voltages and different diode voltages.

FIG. 6 illustrates one embodiment of a method to transmit power and datato the load device 204. Additional, different, or fewer acts may beperformed. The acts may be performed in a different order thanillustrated in FIG. 6.

In act 602 of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6, the operation maybegin by transmitting power to the load device 204 in the form of apulse-width modulated signal.

In act 604, the operation may continue by maintaining a duty cycle ofthe pulse-width modulated signal to transmit a determined power level tothe load device 204. In one example, the determined power level may be apredetermined power level. In a second example, the determined powerlevel may be dynamically determined by the control device 202. Atdifferent times, a different power level is provided. The variation inpower level is at a sufficiently low frequency that the frequencyvariation for data communication is not altered.

In act 606, the operation may include transmitting data to the loaddevice 204 by frequency-shift keying the pulse-width modulated signalwhile maintaining the duty cycle of the pulse-width modulated signal,where a variation in the frequency of the pulse-width modulated signalis detectable by the load device 204 and represents at least a portionof the data.

FIG. 7 illustrates one embodiment of a method to receive power from thecontrol device 202 over a line and to transmit information to thecontrol device 202. Additional, different, or fewer acts may beperformed. The acts may be performed in a different order thanillustrated in FIG. 7.

In act 702 of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7, the operation maybegin by receiving power from the control device 202 over a line. In oneexample, the power received may be in the form of a pulse-widthmodulated signal. In another example, the power received may be in theform of a DC signal having no variation in voltage over time. In yetanother example, the power received may be in the form of a DC signalhaving no variation in current over time.

In act 704, the operation may continue by altering the impedance on theline to transmit information to the control device 202. For example,altering the impedance on the line may include switching in a capacitiveelement 240 and/or an inductive element in the load device 204 in orderto change the impedance of the load.

In act 706, the operation may complete by receiving the information bydetecting a change in an operating frequency of an amplifier used togenerate the power. The change in the operating frequency may resultfrom altering the impedance on the line.

FIG. 8 illustrates one example of the system 200 to receive power fromthe control device 202 and to transmit data to the control device 204.The load device 204 may be electrically coupled to the control device202 over a line 801. The load device 204 may include the input node 242,which may be coupled to the line 801. The load device 204 may alsoinclude a communication circuit 802 and a primary load 804.

The communication circuit 802 may be any circuit configured to alter theimpedance of the load device 204 in order to communicate with thecontrol device 202. For example, the communication circuit 802 mayinclude the processor 236, an inductive element 806, and a transistorelement 808. The inductive element 806 may be any component having aninductance, such as an inductor. The transistor element 808 may be anycomponent having the switching properties of a transistor, such as ametal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) or aninsulated gate field effect transistor (IGFET). The transistor element808 and the inductive element 806 may be connected in parallel so that asignal at a gate 809 of the transistor element 806 may selectively shortthe inductive element 806. A first node 810 of the inductive element 806may be coupled to the input node 242. A second node 812 of the inductiveelement 806 may be coupled to a power input node 814 of the primary load804.

The processor 236 may be coupled to the gate 809 of the transistorelement 808 to control whether the impedance of the inductor element 806is added to the load at the input node 242. The processor 236 may bepowered by the signal received at the input node 242.

The primary load 804 may be any device or combination of devices thatmay be powered by DC. Examples of the primary load 804 include an LED816, a dimmer switch, a motion sensor, or any combination thereof. Theprimary load 804 may receive the power from the communication circuit802 at the power input node 814 of the primary load 804.

As in the example illustrated in FIG. 8, the load device 204 may be anintegrated device that includes the communication circuit 802 and theprimary load 804. In a different example, the communication circuit 802may be a device separate from the primary load 804.

During operation, the control device 202 may transmit power to the loaddevice 204 by sending a DC signal over the line 801. In one example, theDC signal may be pulse-width modulated. Alternatively or additionally,the DC signal may not be pulse-width modulated. For example, the DCsignal may be a constant voltage and/or current. In one example, theload device 204 may be a power converter configured to receive powerfrom the control device 202. The power converter may request adetermined level of power from the control device 202.

By alternating between adding the impedance of the inductive element 806and shorting out the inductive element 806, the processor 236 maytransmit data to the control device 202 as described earlier.

One advantage of the example system 200 may be that the load device 204may include inexpensive and simple components to communicate with thecontrol device 202. Another advantage may be that the efficiency of thepower delivery is unaffected or negligibly affected when the load device204 transmits data to the control device 202. Other types of systems mayincur additional power loss in order to communicate data to the loaddevice 204. Still another advantage may be that the control device 202may transmit data to the load device 104 without affecting or at leastnegligibly affecting the efficiency of the power delivery.

Yet another advantage may be that the control device 202 may generate arelatively low power signal to power the communication circuit 802included in the load device 204 without fully powering the load device204. The control device 202 may generate a relatively high power signalto the load device 204 when the load device 204 is to be fully powered.In this manner, data may be exchanged between the control device 202 andthe load device 204 without the control device 202 having to deliverexcess power to the load device 204. In one example, the communicationcircuit 802 may request full power by sending a request to the controldevice 202. Alternatively or additionally, the control device 202 mayincrease the power without any request from the communication circuit802. In one example, the communication circuit 802 may transmit therequest to the control device 202 by altering the impedance in apredetermined pattern that indicates to the control device 202 that fullpower is requested.

For example, the control device 202 may generate a signal with enoughpower to power the processor 236 in the load device 204, but not enoughpower to illuminate the LED 816 included in the primary load 804. TheLED 816 may require a minimum amount of power in order to illuminate.When desired, the control device 202 may generate the relatively highpower signal in order to illuminate the LED 816. Similarly, the controldevice 202 may switch from the relatively high power signal to therelatively low power signal to turn the LED 816 off while still poweringthe communication circuit 802.

Different components provide different functions for implementing thefunctionality of the various embodiments. The respective logic, softwareor instructions for implementing the processes, methods and/ortechniques discussed above are provided on computer-readable storagemedia or memories or other tangible media, such as a cache, buffer, RAM,removable media, hard drive, other computer readable storage media, orany other tangible media or any combination thereof. The tangible mediainclude various types of volatile and nonvolatile storage media. Thefunctions, acts or tasks illustrated in the figures or described hereinmay be executed in response to one or more sets of logic or instructionsstored in or on computer readable storage media. The functions, acts ortasks are independent of the particular type of instructions set,storage media, processor or processing strategy and may be performed bysoftware, hardware, integrated circuits, firmware, micro code and thelike, operating alone or in combination. Likewise, processing strategiesmay include multiprocessing, multitasking, parallel processing and thelike. In one embodiment, the instructions are stored on a removablemedia device for reading by local or remote systems. In otherembodiments, the logic or instructions are stored in a remote locationfor transfer through a computer network or over telephone lines. In yetother embodiments, the logic or instructions are stored within a givencomputer, central processing unit (“CPU”), graphics processing unit(“GPU”), or system. Any of the devices, features, methods, and/ortechniques described may be mixed and matched to create differentsystems and methodologies.

While the invention has been described above by reference to variousembodiments, it should be understood that many changes and modificationscan be made without departing from the scope of the invention. It istherefore intended that the foregoing detailed description be regardedas illustrative rather than limiting, and that it be understood that itis the following claims, including all equivalents, that are intended todefine the spirit and scope of this invention.

1. An apparatus comprising a circuit coupled to a line, wherein thecircuit is configured to: power a device by transmitting the power overthe line as a pulse-width modulated signal; set a duty cycle of thepulse-width modulated signal in order to transmit a determined powerlevel to the device; and vary a frequency of the pulse-width modulatedsignal as a function of data while the duty cycle of the pulse-widthmodulated signal is fixed to continue to transmit the power at thedetermined power level to the device, wherein a variation in thefrequency of the pulse-width modulated signal represents at least aportion of the data.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the line istwisted-pair.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the device is alighting device.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the circuit isfurther configured to receive information from the device over the line,wherein the information is based on a detected modification of animpedance of a load coupled to the line.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4,wherein the circuit includes a hysteretic power converter, thehysteretic power converter has an operating frequency, and the detectedmodification of the impedance on the line is determined from a detectedchange in the operating frequency.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinthe circuit is further configured to: vary the frequency of thepulse-width modulated signal to transmit a request to the device tocycle through a set of impedance settings to modulate an operatingfrequency of a power converter included in the circuit; and detect aplurality of modulated operating frequencies of a power converter inresponse to the request, wherein each one of the modulated operatingfrequencies corresponds to a respective one of a plurality of binaryencoded values.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the circuit isconfigured to frequency-shift key the pulse-width signal to vary thefrequency of the pulse-width modulated signal.
 8. An apparatuscomprising a circuit coupled to a line, wherein the circuit isconfigured to: receive power over the line as a pulse-width modulatedsignal having a determined duty cycle, wherein the pulse-width modulatedsignal powers the apparatus; and detect data in the pulse-widthmodulated signal, wherein the pulse-width modulated signal has thedetermined duty cycle but has different ones of a plurality offrequencies over time, and each one of the frequencies corresponds to aportion of the data.
 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein each one ofthe frequencies corresponds to a binary encoded value.
 10. The apparatusof claim 8, wherein the circuit is further configured to alter theimpedance in the line to transmit information over the line.
 11. Theapparatus of claim 10, wherein the circuit comprises a processor, aswitch, and a capacitive element, and wherein the processor, to alterthe impedance in the line, is configured to activate the switch toconnect the capacitive element between two conductors, the linecomprising the two conductors.
 12. The apparatus of claim 10, whereinthe circuit is further configured to alter the impedance in the line toany one of n different impedances, and each one of the n differentimpedances correspond to a respective one of a plurality of binaryencoded values.
 13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the circuitcomprises a processor, a first switch, a first capacitive element, asecond switch, and a second capacitive element, wherein the processor,to alter the impedance in the line, is configured to activate at leastone of the first switch and the second switch, wherein the first switchand the first capacitive element are connected in series between twoconductors of the line, and wherein the second switch and the secondcapacitive element are also connected in series between the twoconductors of the line.
 14. A method comprising: powering a device bytransmitting power to the device in a form of a pulse-width modulatedsignal; maintaining a duty cycle of the pulse-width modulated signal totransmit a determined power level to the device; and transmitting datato the device by frequency-shift keying the pulse-width modulated signalwhile maintaining a constant duty cycle of the pulse-width modulatedsignal, wherein a variation in the frequency of the pulse-widthmodulated signal is detectable by the device and represents at least aportion of the data.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein frequency-shiftkeying the pulse-width modulated signal includes setting the frequencyof the pulse-width modulated signal to at least one of a plurality offrequencies.
 16. The method of claim 15, further comprising encoding thedata into a plurality of n-bit segments, wherein each one of the n-bitsegments is represented by a respective one of the frequencies.
 17. Themethod of claim 14, wherein transmitting the power to the deviceincludes transmitting the power to the device over a single line. 18.The method of claim 17, further comprising receiving information fromthe device over the line, wherein receiving the information includesdetecting a modification of impedance of the device.
 19. The method ofclaim 18, wherein detecting the modification of impedance of the deviceincludes detecting a change in an operating frequency of a powerconverter.
 20. The method of claim 14, further comprising increasingpower above the determined power level to fully power the device with anincreased duty cycle, wherein the determined power level powers aprocessor included in the device.
 21. A system comprising: a controldevice; a load device, wherein the control device is electricallycoupled to the load device over a line, the control device powers theload device, and the load device is configured to: receive power overthe line from the control device; and alter impedance of the load deviceto transmit information to the control device, wherein the controldevice includes a power converter and the control device detects achange in an operating frequency of the power converter to receive theinformation.
 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the control device isconfigured to: transmit the power to the load device over the line as apulse-width modulated signal, wherein the pulse-width modulated signalhas a duty cycle and delivers a determined power level to the loaddevice; and vary a frequency of the pulse-width modulated signal totransmit data to the load device while the duty cycle of the pulse-widthmodulated signal remains unchanged, wherein a variation in the frequencyof the pulse-width modulated signal is detectable by the device andrepresents at least a portion of the data.